vermiculophyllum might have survived in multiple scattered glacial refugia during the late Quaternary climate oscillations in the northwest Pacific. vermiculophyllum originating from multiple areas encompassing the Japan–Pacific coast, East and South China Seas. S-DIVA analysis showed the ancestors of A. Our DNA data revealed overall high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity and five phylogeographically structured genetic lineages that diverged significantly from each other. vermiculophyllum populations in the northwest Pacific. Here, we used 1,214-bp of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox1) to explore phylogeographic patterns, lineage structure, and population genetic differentiation of 48 A. However, the knowledge of phylogeographic structure and intraspecific genetic diversity across the entire native range was still scarce. The red alga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum is an ecologically important species native to the northwest Pacific, capturing considerable research interest due to its wide-range invasiveness in Europe and North America. The repeated transgression and regression of coastlines mediated by the late Quaternary glacial–interglacial cycles make the northwest Pacific a hot spot to study marine speciation and population diversity.

7Excellence Center for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.6Department of Benthic Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel, Germany.5Faculty of Core Research, Natural Science Division, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.4Faculty of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea.3College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, China.2Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.Draisma 7, De-Lin Duan 1,2 and Zi-Min Hu 1,2* Kai-Le Zhong 1,2,3, Xiao-Han Song 1,2,3, Han-Gil Choi 4, Shimada Satoshi 5, Florian Weinberger 6, Stefano G.

Bioedit create haplotype tree